What Is A Body Piercing

A diagnostic technique in which a puncture needle is inserted into a body cavity to extract secretions for testing, gas or contrast agent is injected into the body cavity for imaging examination, or drugs are injected into the body cavity. There are several kinds of commonly used piercing procedures. Puncture of the brain or spinal cord is used for diagnosis or treatment. There are the following: Subdural puncture. Often used in infants and young children. When the anterior fontanelle is not closed or the coronal suture is enlarged, the subdural effusion of traumatic chronic subdural hematoma and suppurative meningitis is extracted with a lumbar needle through the lateral Angle of the anterior fontanelle or through the coronal suture, and appropriate antibiotics are injected. Ventriculocentesis. It can be divided into three types: anterior Angle puncture, lateral Angle puncture and posterior Angle puncture. The simplest method is to quickly drill through the skull with a cranial cone 2cm behind the anterior hairline and 2.5cm beside the midline, and then use a lumbar puncture needle or ventricular drainage tube to penetrate the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle. When the brain pressure is too high, the patient is unconscious, the pupil is dilated, the respiratory surface is superficial, and the brain hernia is formed, rapid ventricular puncture is performed to release the ventricular fluid, and the brain hernia can be relieved immediately. The ventricle pressure can also be measured, or a drainage bottle can be attached for continuous ventricle drainage, and the ventricle liquefaction test can be taken, or methylene blue can be injected to understand the cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Air, oxygen and contrast agents, such as iodophenyl ester, 60% iodine, meglumine (Conazole) and mepanmeglumine, can also be injected from the puncture needle to perform ventriculography for the diagnosis of intracranial space occupying lesions and ventricular system obstruction. People who are allergic to iodine should avoid having a mammogram. Rapid drainage of ventricular fluid can occasionally lead to epidural and subdural hematoma. Cerebrovascular puncture. The cerebral hemisphere is supplied by the internal carotid artery and the cerebellum and brainstem by the vertebral artery. The common carotid artery or vertebral artery can be punctured, and contrast agent is injected for cerebral angiography. The common carotid angiography can show the cerebral vessels in the hemispheres. The method was to puncture the common carotid artery with angiography needle at the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage and the inner edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and then inject contrast agents, such as mepandexamine, 60% iododexamine (Conazole) and Euvitin. Vertebral arteriography can display the lower blood vessels. The method is to puncture the vertebral artery with an angiography needle at the 3rd ~ 4th or 4th ~ 5th cervical space beside the trachea, and inject the above drugs for angiography. Lumbar puncture. Puncture of the lumbar spinal cord subassociative space with lumbar puncture needle is an important clinical auxiliary examination method in neurology. It can be used to measure cerebral pressure, collect cerebral effusion for routine, biochemical and bacteriological examination, tumor cells and medical examination, and provide basis for the diagnosis of intracranial inflammation, tumor, hemorrhage and white matter demyelination disease. However, when the cranial pressure is too high, the lumbar puncture should be careful, the drainage of fluid must be slow, it is best not to discharge fluid, only use the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain pressure gauge rubber tube for testing, so as to avoid the occurrence of cerebral hernia. Contrast agents such as iodiphenyl ester, 60% iodoglumine (Conazole), DimerX, Amipague, mepanglumine can also be injected into the subarachnoid space for descending or ascending angiography. Air (or oxygen) can also be injected into the subarachnoid space to flow directionally to the brain for endospinal lesion imaging, ventricle pneumoencephalography and cisternography. There are several types of thoracic body cavity puncture: pleural cavity puncture. Puncture the pleural cavity with a chest piercing needle. The puncture sites were subscapular 7 ~ 9 intercostal or midaxillary line equivalent to 6 ~ 7 intercostal. After puncturing the pleural cavity, gas can be withdrawn to treat pneumothorax, or inflammatory exudate can be extracted from the pleural cavity, or drugs can be injected to treat pleurisy and relieve symptoms of respiratory distress. The liquid can be extracted for assay and bacterial culture. Diagnostic fluid can be extracted from 50 to 100ml. Pneumothorax caused by trauma should not be more than 600ml for the first time. A continuous closed thoracic drainage can also be done to extract fluid and gas. If the patient shows symptoms of collapse, such as pallor, sweating, palpitation, and local severe pain, stop the drainage immediately and inject 0.3 ~ 0.5ml of 1:1000 adrenal gland, and make the patient lie flat. Pericardium biopsy. The pericardium was punctured outside the boundary of heart voiced sound from the 5th to 6th intercostal line of the left clavicle with a chest piercing needle. Drain the inflammatory fluid and release the pressure on the heart. The first suction should not exceed 300ml. When replacing the needle during operation, clamp the nozzle to avoid air entry. Antibiotics can also be injected into the pericardium for treatment. Abdominal body cavity and organ puncture includes the following types: Abdominal puncture, puncture needle, 1cm above the umbilical cord to the pubic line midpoint, 1 ~ 1.5cm open side puncture abdominal cavity. It is used to diagnose ascites of unknown cause and release ascites to relieve dyspnea. Drugs can also be injected into the abdominal cavity. The initial discharge should not exceed 3000ml, and continuous closed drainage can be performed if necessary. However, if the patient has collapse, the patient should immediately stop the drainage and lie flat, and intravenous hypertonic glucose should be injected. Biopsy of the liver. Can be used for biopsy (see liver biopsy). Kidney biopsy. The kidney was punctured at the lower margin of the twelfth costal area and 6 ~ 6.5cm beside the midline of the dorsal line with a 9-10 lumbar puncture needle, and the living tissue was taken for examination. For unclear primary glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, multiple myeloma involving the kidney, renal tumor, renal sclerosis, etc. Patients with bleeding tendency, hypertension, perirenal abscess and renal tuberculosis should avoid puncture. Bladder puncture. The bladder is punctured above the midpoint of the pubis for patients with urinary retention due to prostatic hypertrophy and failed catheterization. Hysterocentesis. Puncture the uterus above the pubis and take out the amniotic fluid to measure the lecithin/nitrophospholipin ratio (L/s), which is helpful to judge the fetal lung maturity, whether there is hyaline membrane disease after birth, and to predict the best time and way of pregnancy. Bone marrow puncture is performed by iliac puncture, spinous process puncture and sternal puncture. For the diagnosis of haematological diseases and certain parasitic diseases such as kala-azar. Patients with bleeding tendency should not do bone marrow aspiration. Lymphadenocentesis is used to puncture superficial lymph nodes of unknown cause, and the extracted fluid can be used for laboratory and pathological examination. However, malignant lymphatic tumors and deep lymph nodes should not be examined by puncture. Joint cavity puncture includes shoulder cavity, elbow cavity, wrist cavity, hip cavity, knee cavity and ankle cavity puncture. After the puncture, the fluid can be pumped for examination, air can also be injected for imaging and drug therapy. Joint cavity puncture should be strictly aseptic and prevent infection. It is suitable for joint disease and joint cavity tumor of unknown cause. Common procedures include femoral artery puncture, femoral venipuncture, and subclavian venipuncture. The objectives are blood tests, blood transfusions, fluids (including catheter retention) and catheter placement for angiography. All three vessels can be punctured to draw blood. The subclavian vein can be retained with catheter after puncture for intravenous hypertrophic treatment. Cardiac and cerebrovascular angiography can be performed by puncture of femoral artery and insertion of catheter. Cerebral angiography. The femoral artery was punctured, and the catheter was sent to the aortic arch, common carotid artery or vertebral artery opening under the TV screen by the Serdingian method. The contrast agent was injected under pressure, and the cerebral vascular shadow phase in the arterial, capillary and venous phases was taken by the rapid film exchange machine to diagnose the tumors and vascular lesions in the upper and lower tentacles. Spinal cord angiography. The catheter was inserted into the artery using the Seldingian method and sent to the vertebral artery or the spinal root artery for cervical and upper thoracic spinal arteriography under X-ray view. The catheter was sent to the root artery of the 4th to 7th intercostal artery for middle thoracic spinal artery angiography. The catheter was sent to the root artery of the 9th to 12th intercostal artery and the 1st to 2nd lumbar artery, and the inferior thoracic or lumbar spinal artery angiography was performed. It is used for the diagnosis of spinal vascular malformation, intramedullary tumor, occlusive vascular disease and so on. It is generally safe with few complications. Left heart and coronary angiography. The catheter was punctured from the femoral artery and sent to the aortic number for left cardiac angiography or Juakin's method was used to send the catheter to the left and right coronary artery openings and inject contrast media for coronary angiography. It is suitable for congenital heart disease, coronary artery infarction, rheumatic valvular heart disease, plum toxic aortic valve disease, myocarditis, endocarditis, complete left bundle technique block, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension. Iodine allergy is contraindicated. Intravenous catheterization. From femoral vein puncture, the catheter was sent, and 25 ~ 40ml of contrast agent was injected through external iliac vein and iliac vein. Continuous radiograph was taken for spinal venous angiography, which was used to diagnose spinal venous malformations, spinal tumor and lateral disc herniation. It can also puncture the common jugular vein, send the catheter to the superior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and perform right heart catheterization. It is used to diagnose congenital heart disease such as atrial or ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary stenosis, rheumatic valvular disease, etc. Contraindications with left cardiography