Adaptive and contraindicated signs of epidural anesthesia needle

Adaptation: In theory, epidural blocks can be used for any procedure except the head. However, from the perspective of safety, epidural block is mainly used for abdominal and lower surgeries, including urinary, obstetric and lower extremity surgeries. The neck, upper limbs and chest are applicable but complicated to manage. High epidural is mainly used for postoperative analgesia or general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia to reduce the amount of general anesthesia. In addition, epidural anesthesia can also be used for subarachnoid block surgery. It is also used for postoperative analgesia.

Contraindications: 1. Patients with hypovolemia and shock; 2. Puncture site infection or bacteremia can lead to epidural infection; 3. Patients with low coagulation state who have not stopped using anticoagulant drugs for a long time; 4. Patients with lumbar and back pain that may be aggravated after the operation, trauma or deformity of the puncture site; 5. Patients and their families have concerns; 6, mental illness, severe neurosis and children and other uncooperative patients.