What is retrograde venipuncture angiography?

In the deep veins of lower extremities, there are multiple valves distributed in different planes. If the top pair of valves function well while the other valves do not function well, the contrast agent will be blocked by the normal valve at the top during the reverse angiography of the common deep veins of lower extremities, and the function of the abnormal valve will not be shown. Therefore, other methods are needed to show the function and morphology of the abnormal valve. And that's where venipentesis comes in. After inserting the vein and adjusting the patient's position (usually a 60 degree Angle or standing position with the horizontal plane), the contrast agent is injected through the catheter. The direction, pressure and gravity of the contrast agent are used to make the contrast agent flow toward the foot, and then the film is taken. This method allows you to examine each valve individually.