Mechanism of action of general anesthetics

Local anesthetics refers to the action on local nerve endings or nerve stem, can temporarily block the conduction of sensory (afferent) nerve impulses, make local pain temporarily disappear. The generation and conduction of nerve impulses depend on a series of changes in the membrane permeability to ions. At rest, calcium ions bind to phospholipid proteins on the membrane, preventing sodium influx. When excited, calcium ions leave the junction and sodium ions flood in, generating action potentials, resulting in nerve impulses and conduction. The effect of local anesthetics is to firmly occupy the calcium ion binding point, prevent the influx of sodium ions, resulting in action potentials can not be generated, nerve conduction is blocked, resulting in the effect of local anesthesia. Local anaesthesia is usually classified as follows:

(1) Topical anesthesia. Anesthetics are applied to the eye or sprayed on the mucosal surface to anesthetize the submucosal sensory nerve endings.

(2) Infiltration anesthesia. The liquid is injected into the subcutaneous or submucosal tissue, and the liquid diffuses and infiltrates the sensory nerve endings in the surgical area to produce anesthesia.

(3) Conduction anesthesia. The injection of a liquid medicine around a nerve trunk, plexus, or ganglion to produce anesthesia in the area under that nerve.

(4) Epidural anesthesia. The hindquarters can be anesthetized by injecting liquid medicine into the epidural space to block the spinal nerves that exit the epidural. The local anesthetics commonly used in clinic include procaine hydrochloride (novocaine hydrochloride), lidocaine (cyrocaine), tetracaine (diacaine, pentocaine) and cocaine (cocaine), etc.

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