clinical biopsy

A biopsy taken before curative surgery or before other treatments (eg, radiation therapy, chemotherapy). Generally, a small part of the diseased tissue (such as small lesions and located on the surface of the body is often taken out of the entire lesion) is taken for pathological biopsy, fixed in formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained with HE. It takes 3-7 days to issue a diagnosis report. Its purpose is to make a clear diagnosis so that appropriate surgery or other treatment measures can be taken clinically. Such biopsies are mostly performed in outpatient clinics, and only small pieces of tissue are taken, so it is also called "small biopsy" or "outpatient small material". The materials taken from some internal organs through endoscopic forceps are more typical ultra-small biopsies, such as gastric mucosal lesions through gastroscopy, and lung lesions through fiberoptic bronchoscopy in order to diagnose whether it is cancer, and then undergo surgery and other treatments.

The advantage of this kind of preoperative biopsy is that it is less traumatic and can be done in an outpatient clinic. Its disadvantages are: it is difficult to obtain materials for some deep lesions; a small number of lesions that can cause bleeding or dissemination should be carefully taken for small biopsies; the sampling is not standardized or the lesions are not obtained, which may easily cause difficulty in diagnosis or missed diagnosis; patients and clinicians have to wait. It takes a long time (more than 3 days) to get a diagnosis report, which is not applicable to those who urgently need a clear diagnosis. It refers to a biopsy made during a curative or exploratory surgery, and a qualitative diagnosis is generally completed within 20-30 minutes in order to guide how the surgery should be performed. The most widely used is the rapid freezing and tableting technology, which uses unfixed fresh specimens, which are quickly frozen to below minus 18 °C, and then sliced and HE stained for observation and diagnosis. Therefore, it is also called "intraoperative freezing", "quick freezing" or "frozen section", and sometimes rapid paraffin section technology or cytological examination technology can be used.

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