What is bone marrow? What is its important value and role?

Blood is a red, opaque, viscous fluid composed of plasma (the liquid part of blood) and blood cells (erythrocytes, granulocytes, gonorrhea, monocytes, platelets, etc.). The normal adult's total blood volume is about 8% of body weight. Blood flows continuously in the blood vessels, and it is the "river" that transports nutrients, carries metabolites, regulates the balance of the internal environment and performs defense functions in the human body. People's understanding of blood is gradually deepening. Before the discovery of the red blood cell ABO blood group in 1900, many people suffered severe hemolysis and even death due to blood transfusions that did not match the blood type. The bone marrow puncture needle was invented in 1929, and bone marrow cells have become an important part of hematological research since then.

Normal human blood cells maintain a relatively constant number and function. This constant is metabolic homeostasis, that is, aging, dying cells are constantly being replaced by new ones. For example, the average lifespan of human red blood cells is about 120 days, and the lifespan of platelets is about 7-10 days. In a normal adult, about 10 red blood cells senesce and die every day; a similar number of red blood cells also regenerate

In adults, the hematopoietic organs are mainly confined to the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes. However, the main role of the spleen and systemic lymph nodes after birth is to promote the second proliferation of gonorrhea cells, that is, the immune response of gonorrhea cells to multiply after exposure to antigens. Therefore, the hematopoietic function of bone marrow is particularly important. After birth, the bone marrow is normally the only place where red blood cells, granulocytes and platelets are produced, and the bone marrow also produces gonorrhea cells and monocytes.

Bone marrow is a spongy tissue that exists in the mesh between the medullary cavity of long bones (such as humerus and femur) and the loose bones of flat bones (such as iliac bones). The bone marrow that produces blood cells is slightly reddish and is called red marrow. When a person is born, the red marrow fills the marrow cavity of the whole body. As the age increases, the fat cells increase, and a considerable part of the red marrow is replaced by the yellow marrow. In the end, almost only the flat bones have red marrow in the marrow cavity. This change may be due to the fact that adults do not need hematopoiesis in the entire bone marrow cavity, and part of the hematopoiesis in the bone marrow cavity is sufficient to replenish the required blood cells. When the body is severely ischemia, part of the yellow bone marrow can be replaced by red bone marrow, and the hematopoietic capacity of the bone marrow is significantly improved. In the past 30 years, the research on hematopoiesis has developed rapidly. It has been proved that there are hematopoietic pluripotent stem cells in human bone marrow, and the number of hematopoietic pluripotent stem cells is less than One percent of the total number of bone marrow cells, they have high self-renewal ability; and can differentiate into progenitor cells of various blood cell systems (such as lymphoid stem cells, granulocyte stem cells), in a large number of differentiation, proliferation into various primitive and mature Blood cells, and finally, these mature blood cells enter the blood through the bone marrow and play their respective physiological roles. Human hematopoietic stem cells have different effects due to different parts of the body. One part exists in the stem cell pool, which is the reserve bank for the regeneration of human hematopoietic cells to adapt to and meet the needs of hematopoiesis in various states; the other part exists in the proliferation pool, and these cells continue to proliferate and update to make up for cell aging or loss. Insufficient blood cells to maintain the balance of blood flow in the body.

The hematopoietic capacity of bone marrow is extremely strong. The highest hematopoietic capacity of bone marrow can reach 9 times that of normal hematopoiesis. If only one tenth of the bone marrow is retained, normal hematopoietic function can be completed, so a small amount of bone marrow donation has no effect on the human body. The hematopoietic tissue of the human body has a strong compensatory function. When part of the bone marrow is extracted, the hematopoietic stem cells will proliferate rapidly and fully recover to the original level within one or two weeks. Therefore, the donor not only does not affect his own hematopoietic function, but instead makes his own hematopoietic system exercised and has the vitality of life.

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