How does a doctor extract eggs and sperm underground?

Egg retrieval (Embryos Day 0)

Egg retrieval is performed within 35 to 36 hours of the injection of human chorionic gonadotropin. Early or late egg retrieval can affect the egg retrieval rate and the quality of the eggs retrieved. Too early may make the eggs not fully mature, there are more immature eggs, and too late may cause some large follicles to ovulate, so the eggs cannot be retrieved.

Egg retrieval is a minor surgery that can be performed under general anesthesia or under local anesthesia. Guided by a transvaginal ultrasound device, the oocyte retrieval needle is passed through the vagina and directly to the ovary. After the ovum is extracted, the laboratory personnel immediately move the sucked ovum to a petri dish containing embryo culture medium under the microscope and place it in an incubator at 37°C. cultivated in. Because intravaginal ultrasonography is a minor procedure, some doctors use pain medication instead of general anesthesia in order to save the patient money.

The egg retrieval time is generally within 30 minutes. After egg retrieval, the patient has only mild pain and a very small amount of bleeding, and can go home after resting for 1 to 2 hours without affecting daily work and life. Because the follicles vary in size, the mature stage of the retrieved eggs is not exactly the same. Some may be immature, while others may be overripe. The newly retrieved egg is surrounded by cumulus cells, and the maturity of the egg can generally be judged by the degree of expansion of these cells. However, to know their exact stage of maturation, these cells must be separated from the egg. Generally speaking, the following types of eggs can be found:

1) Mature eggs

There is a small cell in the periovular space under the zona pellucida called the first polar body, which is released by the egg. The release of the first polar body is an indicator of egg maturation.

2) Immature eggs

There are two different stages of immature eggs. One is that there is no first polar body in the periovular space under the zona pellucida, but there is an obvious nucleus in the egg called a germinal vesicle. This kind of egg is called a germinal vesicle, which is the earliest immature egg. The other is that there is no first polar body in the periovarian space of the egg, and there is no obvious nucleus in the egg, which is an immature egg between the egg in the germinal vesicle stage and the mature egg. Immature eggs cannot be used for fertilization and must wait until they are fully mature.

3) Over-mature eggs

The egg must be fertilized after it has matured. The time between egg maturation and fertilization is generally 5 to 6 hours. If not fertilized within this time period, the egg will begin to age and eventually die. Since the follicles vary in size when the eggs are retrieved, it is impossible for the eggs to mature at the same time. If it is used for too long, or if the egg has been left outside the body for too long before fertilization, it will over-mature the egg. Although overmature eggs can be fertilized, the quality of the embryos produced from them will be poor, making pregnancy difficult after embryo transfer.

4) Abnormal eggs

Some eggs are much larger than normal eggs in terms of volume, and there are two first polar bodies in the periovular space. Such eggs have abnormal chromosomes and usually have two sets of chromosomes, so they cannot be used for fertilization. Some eggs may have abnormal shapes in the cells at a certain stage of maturity, such as vacuoles, black texture, etc. These are signs of poor egg quality.

At this point, at the end of the egg retrieval procedure, the doctor will take out the frozen or fresh semen, fertilize it, implant it into the body of the woman who wants to conceive, and finally mature in the mother's uterus.

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