Clinical biopsy with a biopsy needle

A biopsy taken before a therapeutic operation or before other treatments, such as radiation or chemotherapy. Generally, a small part of the lesion tissue (for example, the lesion is small and located on the body surface often all the lesions) is sent to pathological biopsy. After fixation with formaldehyde, embedding in paraffin, sectioning, and HE staining, the diagnostic report can be issued in 3-7 days. The aim is to make a definite diagnosis so that the appropriate surgical or other treatment measures can be taken. Such a biopsy is usually performed in the outpatient clinic, and only small pieces of tissue are taken, so it is also called "small biopsy" or "outpatient small material". The materials of some internal organs obtained by endoscopic forceps are typical ultra-small biopsies, such as gastric mucosal lesions obtained by gastroscopy and pulmonary lesions obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy, so as to confirm whether it is cancer or not, and then undergo surgery and other treatments.

The advantage of this kind of preoperative biopsy is that it is less invasive and can generally be done in the outpatient department. Most of them can help the clinical diagnosis and provide a definite basis for the next treatment plan. Its disadvantages are: for some deep lesions in the site is difficult to take samples; Small biopsies should be taken carefully in the few lesions that can cause bleeding or spreading. It is easy to make diagnosis difficult or miss diagnosis if the samples are not standardized or the lesions are not obtained. Patients and clinical patients have to wait a long time (more than 3 days) for a diagnosis report, which is not applicable to those who need a clear diagnosis. A biopsy performed during a therapeutic or exploratory operation, usually within 20 to 30 minutes, to make a qualitative diagnosis and guide how to proceed. The most widely used technique is rapid freezing. Fresh specimens without fixation are rapidly frozen to below -18 ℃ for section and HE staining for observation and diagnosis. Therefore, it is also called "intraoperative freezing", "rapid freezing", or "cryosectioning", and sometimes rapid paraffin sectioning or cytology can be used.

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